Instructional strategies are dependent upon the learning task and vary depending upon the type of task being addressed. The learner involvement is also a critical aspect of Gagné's work. Participation and engagement also refer to internal involvement in the perception, storage, and retrieval of information, not just external performance (Richey, 2000). Gagné suggests that the designer has fundamental control of the instructional processes that are external events, however individuals control their own learning processes or internal events. In other words, both learners and designers share control of the teaching and learning process. Most trained instructional designers adopt Gagné’s basic concepts by choosing a design focus dependent upon the nature of the learning task (Richey, 2000).
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